Ridley Scott
| Ridley Scott | |
|---|---|
 Ridley Scott in 2006 |
|
| Born | 30 November 1937 South Shields, Tyne and Wear, England, United Kingdom |
| Occupation | Film director, film producer |
| Years active | 1965–present |
| Spouse | Felicity Heywood (1964–1975) Sandy Watson (1979–1989) |
Sir Ridley Scott (born 30 November 1937) is an English film director and producer known for his stylish visuals and an obsession for detail. His films include The Duellists (1977), Alien (1979), Blade Runner (1982), Legend (1985), Thelma & Louise (1991), Gladiator (2000), Black Hawk Down (2001), Hannibal (2001), Kingdom of Heaven (2005), American Gangster (2007), Body of Lies (2008), and Robin Hood (2010).
Scott is to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2011.[1] He is the older brother of film director Tony Scott.[2]
Contents |
Background
Scott was born in South Shields, Tyne and Wear[3][4], England, the son of Elizabeth and Colonel Francis Percy Scott.[5] He was raised in an Army family, meaning that for most of his early life, his father — an officer in the Royal Engineers — was absent. Ridley's older brother, Frank, joined the Merchant Navy when he was still young and the pair had little contact. During this time the family moved around, living in (among other areas) Cumbria, Wales and Germany. He has a younger brother, Tony, also a film director. After the Second World War, the Scott family moved back to their native north-east England, eventually settling in Teesside (whose industrial landscape would later inspire similar scenes in Blade Runner). He enjoyed watching films, and his favourites include Lawrence of Arabia, Citizen Kane and Seven Samurai.[6] Scott studied in Teesside from 1954 to 1958, at Grangefield Grammar School and later in West Hartlepool College of Art, graduating with a Diploma in Design. He progressed to an M.A. in graphic design at the Royal College of Art from 1960 to 1962.
At the RCA he contributed to the college magazine, ARK and helped to establish its film department. For his final show, he made a black and white short film, Boy and Bicycle, starring his younger brother, Tony Scott, and his father. The film's main visual elements would become features of Scott's later work; it was issued on the 'Extras' section of The Duellists DVD. After graduation in 1963, he secured a job as a trainee set designer with the BBC, leading to work on the popular television police series Z-Cars and the science fiction series Out of the Unknown. Scott was an admirer of Stanley Kubrick early in his development as a director. For his entry to the BBC traineeship, Scott remade Paths of Glory as a short film.
He was assigned to design the second Doctor Who serial, The Daleks, which would have entailed realising the famous alien creatures. However, shortly before Scott was due to start work, a schedule conflict meant that he was replaced on the serial by Raymond Cusick.[7]
At the BBC, Scott was placed into a director training programme and, before he left the corporation, had directed episodes of Z-Cars, its spin-off, Softly, Softly, and adventure series Adam Adamant Lives!.
In 1968, Ridley and Tony Scott founded Ridley Scott Associates (RSA), a film and commercial production company.[8] Five members of the Scott family are directors, all working for RSA.[9] Brother Tony has been a successful film director for more than two decades; sons, Jake and Luke are both acclaimed commercials directors as is his daughter, Jordan Scott. Jake and Jordan both work from Los Angeles and Luke is based in London.
In 1995, Shepperton Studios was purchased by a consortium headed by Ridley and Tony Scott, which extensively renovated the studios while also expanding and improving its grounds.[10]
Early career
Scott left the BBC in 1968 and established a production company, Ridley Scott Associates (RSA), working with Alan Parker, Hugh Hudson, Hugh Johnson and employing his younger brother, Tony. After making television commercials in the UK during the 1970s, including most notably the 1974 Hovis advert, "Bike Round" (New World Symphony), which was filmed in Shaftesbury, Dorset, he moved to Hollywood, where he produced and directed a number of top box office films.
Early films
The Duellists
The Duellists of 1977 was Ridley Scott's first feature film. It was produced in Europe and won a Best Debut Film medal at the Cannes Film Festival but made limited commercial impact in the US. Set during the Napoleonic Wars, it featured two French Hussar officers, D'Hubert and Feraud (played by Keith Carradine and Harvey Keitel). Their quarrel over an initially minor incident turns into a bitter, long-drawn out feud over the following fifteen years, interwoven with the larger conflict that provides its backdrop. The film is lauded for its historically authentic portrayal of Napoleonic uniforms and military conduct, as well as its accurate early-19th-century fencing techniques recreated by fight choreographer William Hobbs.
Alien
Scott's box office disappointment with The Duellists was compounded by the success received by Alan Parker with American-backed films — Scott admitted he was "ill for a week" with envy. Scott had originally planned to next adapt a version of, Tristan and Iseult, but after seeing Star Wars, he became convinced of the potential of large scale, effects-driven films. He therefore accepted the job of directing Alien, the ground-breaking 1979 horror/science-fiction film that would give him international recognition. The film was mostly shot in 1978, but Scott's production design and atmospheric visuals, and the film's emphasis on realism over movie heroics have given Alien almost ageless appeal.
While Scott would not direct the three Alien sequels, the female action hero Ellen Ripley (played by Sigourney Weaver), introduced in the first film, would become a cinematic icon. Scott was involved in the 2007 restoration and re-release of the film including media interviews for its promotion. At this time Scott indicated that he had been in discussions to make the fifth and final film in the Alien franchise. However, in a 2006 interview, the director remarked that he had been unhappy about Alien: The Director's Cut, feeling that the original was "pretty flawless" and that the additions were merely a marketing tool.[11]
Blade Runner
After a year working on the film adaptation of Dune, and following the sudden death of his brother Frank, Scott signed to direct the film version of Philip K. Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?. Starring Harrison Ford and featuring an acclaimed soundtrack by Vangelis, Blade Runner was a disappointment in theatres in 1982 and was pulled shortly thereafter. Scott's notes were used by Warner Brothers to create a rushed director's cut in 1991 which removed the voiceovers and modified the ending. Scott personally supervised a digital restoration of Blade Runner and approved the Final Cut. This version was released in Los Angeles, New York, and Toronto cinemas on 5 October 2007, and as an elaborate DVD release on 18 December 2007.[12] Today Blade Runner is often ranked by critics as one of the most important science fiction films of the 20th century[13] and is usually discussed along with William Gibson's novel Neuromancer as initiating the cyberpunk genre. Scott regards Blade Runner as his "most complete and personal film".[14]
"1984" Apple Macintosh commercial
In 1984 Scott directed the television commercial 1984, written by Steve Hayden and Lee Clow, produced by Chiat/Day, and starring Anya Major as the unnamed heroine and David Graham as "Big Brother".[15][16] It was released for a single airing in the United States on 22 January 1984 during the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII.[17] It introduced the Macintosh for the first time and is now considered a "watershed event"[18] and a "masterpiece".[19]
1984 used the unnamed heroine to represent the coming of the Macintosh (indicated by her white tank top with a Picasso-style picture of Apple’s Macintosh computer on it) as a means of saving humanity from "conformity" (Big Brother).[20]
These images were an allusion to George Orwell's noted novel, Nineteen Eighty-Four, which described a dystopian future ruled by a fictional "Big Brother".
Legend
In 1985 Scott directed Legend, a fantasy film produced by Arnon Milchan. Having not tackled the fairy tale genre, Scott decided to create a "once upon a time" film set in a world of fairies, princesses, and goblins. Scott cast Tom Cruise as the film's hero, Jack, Mia Sara as Princess Lily, and Tim Curry as the Satan-like Lord of Darkness. But a series of problems with both principal photography, including the destruction of the forest set by fire, and post-production (including heavy editing and substitution of Jerry Goldsmith's original score with a score by Tangerine Dream) hampered the film's release and as a result Legend received scathing reviews. Following a DVD release, it has since become a cult classic.
1987–92
Desiring a box office hit and respect from the press, who considered him a commercial filmmaker devoted to fantastic visuals with little substance, Scott decided to postpone further science fiction and fantasy work to avoid being typecast. Instead, he began to focus on down-to-earth, mature, suspense thrillers.
Among them came Someone to Watch Over Me, a romantic police drama starring Tom Berenger, Lorraine Bracco and Mimi Rogers in 1987, and Black Rain, a 1989 cop drama starring Michael Douglas and Andy García, shot partially in Tokyo and Osaka, Japan. Both achieved mild success at the box office.
Again, Scott received praise for lavish visuals, but was still criticised for films that were little more than extended versions of his glossy TV commercials.
Thelma & Louise (1991) starring Geena Davis as Thelma, and Susan Sarandon as Louise, was successful, and revived Scott's reputation. However, his next project—an independent movie, 1492: Conquest of Paradise—was less successful. It is a visually striking film telling the story of Christopher Columbus. However, it was a box office failure, and Scott did not release another film for four years.
Recent career
In 1995, with his brother Tony, Scott formed the film and television production company, Scott Free Productions in Los Angeles. All his subsequent feature films, starting with White Squall and G.I. Jane, starring Demi Moore and Viggo Mortensen, were produced under the Scott Free banner. Also in 1995 the two brothers purchased controlling interest in Shepperton Studios, which later merged with Pinewood Studios. Scott and his brother have produced, since 2005, the CBS series Numb3rs, a crime drama about a genius mathematician who helps the FBI solve crimes.
Gladiator–2005
The huge success of Scott's film Gladiator (2000) has been credited with reviving the nearly defunct "sword and sandal" historical genre. Scott then turned to Hannibal, the sequel to Jonathan Demme's The Silence of the Lambs. In 2001, Scott released the war film, Black Hawk Down (2001), which further established his position as a critically and financially successful film maker. The film won two Oscars.
In 2003 Scott directed Matchstick Men, adapted from the novel by Eric Garcia and starring Nicolas Cage, Sam Rockwell and Alison Lohman. It received mostly positive reviews and performed moderately at the box office. In 2005 he made the modestly successful Kingdom of Heaven, a movie about the Crusades which consciously sought to connect history to current events. The Moroccan government sent the Moroccan cavalry as extras in the epic battle scenes.[21]
Unhappy with the theatrical version of the film (which he blamed on paying too much attention to the opinions of preview audiences), Scott supervised a director's cut of Kingdom of Heaven, which was released on DVD in 2006.[22] In an interview to promote the latter, when asked if he was against previewing in general, Scott stated: "It depends who's in the driving seat. If you've got a lunatic doing my job, then you need to preview. But a good director should be experienced enough to judge what he thinks is the correct version to go out into the cinema."[23]
2006–present
Scott teamed up again with Gladiator star Russell Crowe, directing the movie A Good Year, based on the best-selling book. The film was released on 10 November 2006, with a score by Marc Streitenfeld. Rupert Murdoch, chairman of News Corp and Subsidiary studio 20th Century Fox (who backed the film) dismissed A Good Year as "a flop" at a shareholders' meeting only a few days after the film's release.[24]
Scott's next directorial work was on American Gangster, the story of real-life drug kingpin Frank Lucas. He was the third director to attempt the project after Antoine Fuqua and Terry George. Denzel Washington and Benicio del Toro had been cast in the initial Steven Zaillian-scripted project under the working title Tru Blu, both actors having been paid salaries of $20 m and $15 m respectively without doing any production on the film. Following George's departure, Scott took over the project in early 2006. He had Zaillian rewrite the script to focus on the dynamic between Frank Lucas and Richie Roberts. Washington signed back on to the project as Lucas, and Crowe signed on to play Roberts. The film finally premiered in November 2007 to positive reviews and good box office. In late 2008 Scott released the espionage thriller Body of Lies starring Leonardo DiCaprio and Crowe once again which opened to luke-warm ticket-sales and mixed reviews.
Scott directed an adaptation of Robin Hood titled Robin Hood, which starred Russell Crowe as Robin Hood and Cate Blanchett as Maid Marian, and which was released on 13 May 2010 in Australia and 14 May 2010 in America. The film also starred Max Von Sydow and William Hurt.
Scott and his brother Tony produced the film adaptation of the 1980s TV cult classic The A-Team, which was directed by Joe Carnahan and released on 11 June 2010.
Planned projects
In October 2007, it was announced that Scott would be directing Blood Meridian, a movie adaptation of the novel of the same name by Cormac McCarthy.[25] It was later announced in 2008 that Todd Field had taken over the position.
In April 2008, Scott announced his new project, The Kind One, a period drama set for release in 2010. The film will star recent Academy Award nominee Casey Affleck.[26] Also, he will be making his first science fiction movie since Blade Runner, an adaptation of the novel The Forever War, which he has been trying to pursue the rights for since the early 1980s.[27]
On 12 October 2008, Scott confirmed that after a 25 year wait for the rights to become available, he is making a return to science fiction with a film adaptation of the book The Forever War by Joe Haldeman. He was looking for a script writer.[28]
In March 2009, Scott confirmed that the film would be in 3D citing James Cameron's Avatar as an inspiration for doing so. "I'm filming a book by Joe Haldeman called Forever War. I've got a good writer doing it. I've seen some of James Cameron's work, and I've got to go 3D. It's going to be phenomenal."[29][30]
Another science fiction project to which Scott has been attached is an adaptation of Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, with Leonardo DiCaprio also attached.[31]
On 31 July 2009, news of a two part prequel to Alien surfaced, with Ridley attached to direct.[32] The film is being developed by 20th Century Fox.[33]
Scott announced on 15 October 2009 that he will direct a film adaptation of the Red Riding trilogy.[34]
On 6 July 2010, YouTube announced the launch of Life In A Day, an experimental documentary that will be executive produced by Scott. It will incorporate footage shot on 24 July 2010 that is submitted by YouTube users from around the world.[35]
Personal life
His current partner is the actress Giannina Facio, whom he has cast in all his movies since White Squall except American Gangster. He divides his time between homes in London, France, and Los Angeles.
Approach and style
Scott was not initially considered an actors' director , but has become more receptive to ideas from his cast as his career has developed. Examples include Susan Sarandon's suggestions that the character of Louise pack shoes in plastic bags in one scene of Thelma & Louise, and another where her character exchanges jewellery for a hat and other items— and Tim Robbins' collaboration with Scott and Susan Sarandon to rework the final scene with a more upbeat ending. Russell Crowe commented, "I like being on Ridley's set because actors can perform [...] and the focus is on the performers."[36] Paul M. Sammon, in his book Future Noir: The Making of Blade Runner, commented in an interview with Brmovie.com that Scott's relationship with his actors has improved considerably over the years.[37]
On the other hand, he can be a demanding and difficult director to work for. He was nicknamed "Guvnor" in the Blade Runner production. Several crew members wore protest t-shirts with slogans such as "Yes Guvnor, my ass" and "Will Rogers never met Ridley Scott" in reference to Will Rogers' most famous quotation, "I never met a man I didn't like".[38] This was mainly in response to the way that Scott directed his first American crew, which some considered too harsh.
His striking visual style, incorporating a detailed approach to production design and innovative, atmospheric lighting, has been influential on a subsequent generation of filmmakers — many of whom have imitated his style. Scott commonly uses slow pacing until the action sequences, which are characterised by frequent, rapid edits. Examples include Alien and Blade Runner; the LA Times critic Sheila Benson, for example, would call the latter "Blade Crawler" "because it's so damn slow". Another technique he employs is use of sound or music to build tension, as heard in Alien, with hissing steam, beeping computers and the noise of the machinery in the space ship.
Scott has developed a method for filming intricate shots as swiftly as possible:
"I like working, always, with a minimum of three cameras. [...] So those 50 set-ups [a day] might only be 25 set-ups except I'm covering in the set-up. So you're finished. I mean, if you take a little bit more time to prep on three cameras, or if it's a big stunt, eleven cameras, and — whilst it may take 45 minutes to set up — then when you're ready you say 'Action!', and you do three takes, two takes and is everybody happy? You say, 'Yeah, that's it.' So you move on."[36]
Although Scott is often known for his painterly directorial style, other techniques and elements include:
- Strong female characters.[39][40]
- Some of his movies feature strong conflicts between father and son that usually end with the latter killing the former (Blade Runner, Gladiator) or witnessing the event (Kingdom of Heaven). The Lord of Darkness in Legend also mentions his "father" on a few occasions. As part of the conflict between father and son there are some repetitive scenes: in Gladiator, the son hugs the father seemingly as an expression of love but this embrace turns into the suffocation and death of the father. There is a similar sequence in Blade Runner.
- Scott utilises cityscapes as an emphasis to his storytelling (i.e., a futuristic Los Angeles in Blade Runner, Tokyo in Black Rain, Jerusalem in Kingdom of Heaven).
- In Gladiator, Blade Runner and Kingdom of Heaven, a son gets to know his father when he is grown up. Other common elements are that the mother is not seen, and that the son or father is seen performing his last actions. For example, Roy Batty is dying when he saves Deckard, Maximus dies after killing Commodus and Godfrey of Ibelin kills some enemies after he has been mortally wounded by an arrow. In addition, the hero is saved from death before attaining his greatest deeds: Deckard is saved by Rachel, Maximus is saved by a slave and Balian is saved by a Muslim enemy. Similar situations can be seen in Tony Scott's Man on Fire.
- Military and officer classes as characters reflecting his father's career, such as in G.I. Jane and Black Hawk Down and Kingdom of Heaven.
- Storyboarding his films extensively. These illustrations, when made by himself, have been referred to as "Ridleygrams" in DVD releases.
- Like Stanley Kubrick, Scott was once known for requesting a great many takes. This was evident on Blade Runner: the crew nicknamed the movie "Blood Runner" because of this.
- He often makes use of classical music (the Hovis advertisements, Someone to Watch Over Me).
- Extensive use of smoke and other atmospheres (in Alien, Blade Runner and Black Rain), plus fans and fan-like objects (Blade Runner, Black Rain and the large Boeing jet engines in the 1984 TV advertisement). Fans are also used in Hannibal, for symbolic purposes.
- Consistency in his choice of composers, using Jerry Goldsmith (Alien and Legend), Vangelis (Blade Runner and 1492: Conquest of Paradise) or Hans Zimmer (Black Rain, Thelma & Louise, Gladiator, Hannibal, Black Hawk Down and Matchstick Men). Scott has also twice used songs by Sting during the film credits ("Valparaiso" for White Squall and "Someone to Watch Over Me" for the movie of the same title).
DVD format and director's cut
Scott is known for his enthusiasm for the DVD format, providing audio commentaries and interviews for all his films where possible. In the July 2006 issue of Total Film magazine, he stated:
After all the work we go through, to have it run in the cinema and then disappear forever is a great pity. To give the film added life is really cool for both those who missed it and those who really loved it.[23]
The special edition DVDs of Scott's films are often well regarded for their high quality picture and sound, as well as comprehensive documentaries and commentaries, produced by his longtime DVD producer, Charles de Lauzirika.
Running alongside his enthusiasm for DVD, Scott is sometimes considered the "father" of the director's cut, a description which is somewhat ironic considering that the impetus to produce such versions has sometimes begun with other parties. The positive reaction to the Blade Runner Director's Cut encouraged Scott to re-cut several movies that were a disappointment at the time of their release (including Legend and Kingdom of Heaven). Today the practice of alternative cuts is more commonplace, though often as a way to make a film stand out in the DVD marketplace by adding new material.
Awards
Scott has been nominated for three Academy Awards for Directing: for Thelma & Louise, Gladiator and Black Hawk Down, as well as a Golden Globe, BAFTA and Emmy Award. He has won 3 British Academy Awards for the film Blade Runner.[41] He was knighted in the 2003 New Year honours.[42]
Ridley Scott box office
| Date | Movie | Studio | United States gross | Worldwide gross | Theatres | Opening weekend | Opening theatres | Budget |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1977 | The Duellists | Par. | $900,000 | |||||
| 1979 | Alien | Fox | $80,931,801 | $104,931,801 | 757 | $3,527,881 | 91 | $11,000,000 |
| 1982 | Blade Runner | WB | $32,768,670 | $33,139,618 | 1,325 | $6,150,002 | 1,295 | $28,000,000 |
| 1986 | Legend | Uni. | $15,502,112 | 1,187 | $4,261,154 | 1,187 | $30,000,000 | |
| 1987 | Someone to Watch Over Me | Col. | $10,278,549 | 894 | $2,908,796 | 892 | $17,000,000 | |
| 1989 | Black Rain | Par. | $46,212,055 | $134,212,055 | 1,760 | $9,677,102 | 1,610 | $30,000,000 |
| 1991 | Thelma & Louise | MGM | $45,360,915 | 1,180 | $6,101,297 | 1,179 | $16,500,000 | |
| 1992 | 1492: Conquest of Paradise | Par. | $7,191,399 | 1,008 | $3,002,680 | 1,008 | $47,000,000 | |
| 1996 | White Squall | BV | $10,292,300 | 1,524 | $3,908,514 | 1,524 | $38,000,000 | |
| 1997 | G.I. Jane | BV | $48,169,156 | 2,043 | $11,094,241 | 1,945 | $50,000,000 | |
| 2000 | Gladiator | DW | $187,705,427 | $457,640,427 | 3,188 | $34,819,017 | 2,938 | $103,000,000 |
| 2001 | Hannibal | MGM | $165,092,268 | $351,692,268 | 3,292 | $58,003,121 | 3,230 | $87,000,000 |
| 2001 | Black Hawk Down | SonR | $108,638,745 | $172,989,651 | 3,143 | $179,823 | 4 | $92,000,000 |
| 2003 | Matchstick Men | WB | $36,906,460 | $65,565,672 | 2,711 | $13,087,307 | 2,711 | N/A |
| 2005 | Kingdom of Heaven | Fox | $47,398,413 | $211,652,051 | 3,219 | $19,635,996 | 3,216 | $130,000,000 |
| 2006 | A Good Year | Fox | $7,459,300 | $42,056,466 | 2,067 | $3,721,526 | 2,066 | $35,000,000 |
| 2006 | All the Invisible Children | |||||||
| 2007 | American Gangster | Uni. | $130,164,645 | $265,697,825 | 3,110 | $43,565,115 | 3,054 | $100,000,000 |
| 2008 | Body of Lies | WB | $39,394,666 | $115,321,950 | 2,714 | $12,884,416 | 2,710 | $70,000,000 |
| 2010 | Robin Hood | Uni. | $104,495,000 | $302,863,374 | $130,000,000 | |||
| 2011 | Untitled Alien Prequel #1 | Fox | TBA | |||||
| 2012 | Untitled Alien Prequel #2 | Fox | TBA |
Filmography
| Year | Film | Oscars | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominations | Wins | ||
| 1977 | The Duellists | ||
| 1979 | Alien | 2 | 1 |
| 1982 | Blade Runner | 2 | |
| 1985 | Legend | 1 | |
| 1987 | Someone to Watch Over Me | ||
| 1989 | Black Rain | 2 | |
| 1991 | Thelma & Louise | 6 | 1 |
| 1992 | 1492: Conquest of Paradise | ||
| 1996 | White Squall | ||
| 1997 | G.I. Jane | ||
| 2000 | Gladiator | 12 | 5 |
| 2001 | Hannibal | ||
| Black Hawk Down | 4 | 2 | |
| 2003 | Matchstick Men | ||
| 2005 | Kingdom of Heaven | ||
| 2006 | A Good Year | ||
| 2007 | American Gangster | 2 | |
| 2008 | Body of Lies | ||
| 2010 | Robin Hood | ||
| 2011 | Untitled Alien Prequel #1 | ||
| 2012 | Untitled Alien Prequel #2 | ||
| TBA | Brave New World | ||
| TBA | The Forever War | ||
Commercials
- Bike Round for Hovis (1973)
- Chanel... Share the fantasy. for Chanel (1979)
- 1984 for Apple Computer (1984)
- The Choice of a New Generation for Pepsi (1986) (Starred Don Johnson and Glenn Frey)
- Nissan 300ZX Twin Turbo Super Bowl commercial (1990)
TV shows (as producer)
- Numb3rs (2005–2010) (producer, with Tony Scott)
- The Good Wife (2009–present) (producer, with Tony Scott)
- The Pillars of the Earth (2010–present) (producer, with Tony Scott)
References
- ↑ Hollywood stars for Simon Fuller and Sir Ridley Scott BBC News Retrieved 20 June 2010
- ↑ "Ridley Scott Career". Monsters-movies.com. http://www.monsters-movies.com/ridley_scott.htm.
- ↑ http://www.monsters-movies.com/ridley_scott.htm
- ↑ http://www.answers.com/topic/ridley-scott
- ↑ http://living.scotsman.com/tvradio/How-Winston-helped-save-the.2341166.jp
- ↑ Interview by Rob Carnevale (25 September 2006). "BBC Movies: Calling the Shots". Bbc.co.uk. http://www.bbc.co.uk/films/callingtheshots/ridley_scott.shtml. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ↑ Howe, David J.; Mark Stammers, Stephen James Walker (1994). The Handbook: The First Doctor — The William Hartnell Years 1963–1966. Virgin Books. p. 61. ISBN 0-426-20430-1.
- ↑ Dutta, Kunal (30 November 2007). "Great Scott — Forty years of RSA". Campaign. http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/features/770904/Great-Scott---Forty-years-RSA/.
- ↑ "Ridley Scott Associates (RSA)". Rsafilms.com. http://www.rsafilms.com. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ↑ "History of Shepperton Studios". pinewoodgroup.com. http://www.pinewoodgroup.com/uploads/PDF/SheppertonStudiosHistory.pdf.
- ↑ "A good year ahead for Ridley". BBC News. 20 October 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolavconsole/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_6060000/newsid_6068400/bb_rm_6068470.stm. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ↑ "Blade Runner Final Cut Due", SciFi Wire, 26 May 2006
- ↑ "''The Guardian'': Top 10 sci-fi films". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/life/news/page/0,12983,1290764,00.html. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ↑ Barber, Lynn (2 January 2002). "Scott's Corner". The Observer (London). http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,,628186,00.html. Retrieved 22 February 2007.
- ↑ "David Graham". http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0333986/otherworks.
- ↑ "Google Answers article #741952". Answers.google.com. http://answers.google.com/answers/threadview?id=741952#a. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ↑ "Apple's 1984: The Introduction of the Macintosh in the Cultural History of Personal Computers". Duke.edu. http://www.duke.edu/~tlove/mac.htm. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ↑ "Apple's '1984' Super Bowl commercial still stands as watershed event". Usatoday.com. 28 January 2004. http://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/kevinmaney/2004-01-28-maney_x.htm. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ↑ Leopold, Todd (3 February 2006). "Why 2006 isn't like '1984'". CNN. http://edition.cnn.com/2006/SHOWBIZ/02/02/eye.ent.commercials. Retrieved 10 May 2008.
- ↑ Cellini, Adelia (January 2004). "The Story Behind Apple's '1984' TV commercial: Big Brother at 20". MacWorld 21.1, page 18. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb197/is_200401/ai_n5556112. Retrieved 9 May 2008.
- ↑ "Mooviess.com Kingdom of Heaven production notes". http://www.mooviees.com/9136/1804-production_notes.
- ↑ "Kingdom of Heaven: Director's Cut DVD official website". http://www.kingdomofheavendvd.com.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Total Film magazine, July 2006: 'Three hours, eight minutes. It's beautiful.' (Interview to promote Kingdom of Heaven: The Director's Cut)
- ↑ "A Good Year is a 'flop', Murdoch admits". Guardian Unlimited (London). 16 November 2006. http://film.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1949283,00.html. Retrieved 24 February 2007.
- ↑ "Will Ridley Scott Make 'Blood Meridian' the Next Cormac McCarthy Book to Hit the Screen?". New York Magazine. 25 October 2007.
- ↑ "Paste Magazine :: News :: Ridley Scott, Casey Affleck take on The Kind One". Paste. 17 April 2008. http://www.pastemagazine.com/action/article/7175/news/film/ridley_scott_taking_on_the_kind_one. Retrieved 27 April 2008.
- ↑ Ben Child (13 October 2008). "Ridley Scott puts off Brave New World for The Forever War". London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2008/oct/13/ridley-scott-forever-war. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ↑ Child, Ben (13 October 2008). "Ridley Scott puts off Brave New World for The Forever War". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2008/oct/13/ridley-scott-forever-war. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ↑ Ridley Scott Says Cameron Inspired Him to Make Forever War in 3D
- ↑ James Cameron's Avatar Influences Ridley Scott's Forever War
- ↑ "A new world for a 'Brave New World'". Riskybusinessblog.com. http://www.riskybusinessblog.com/2009/08/brave-new-world-ridley-scott-dicaprio.html. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ↑ Child, Ben (27 April 2010). "Ridley Scott plans two-part Alien prequel". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2010/apr/27/ridley-scott-alien-prequels-3d. Retrieved 22 May 2010.
- ↑ "Ridley Scott Talks 'Alien' Prequel and Timeline". Bloody-disgusting.com. http://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/17890. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ↑ "Ridley Scott to Helm Red Riding". Dreadcentral.com. 15 October 2009. http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/34032/ridley-scott-helm-red-riding. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ↑ "Life in a Day". The Official YouTube Blog. 6 July 2010. http://youtube-global.blogspot.com/2010/07/life-in-day.html. Retrieved 7 July 2010.
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 American Gangster DVD, Fallen Empire: The Making of American Gangster documentary
- ↑ David Caldwell. "Paul M. Sammon interview". BRmovie.com. http://www.brmovie.com/Articles/Sammon_Interview_11.htm. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ↑ "I never met a man I didn't like". Answers.com. http://www.answers.com/topic/i-never-met-a-man-i-didn-t-like. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ↑ "Yahoo! Movies: Ridley Scott". Movies.yahoo.com. 30 November 1937. http://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800015105/bio. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ↑ "AmericanCinemateque.com: Press release". Americancinematheque.com. http://www.americancinematheque.com/pressreleases/2001/ridleyscott.htm. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
- ↑ "IMDb: Ridley Scott — awards". http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000631/awards.
- ↑ "Bates and Scott lead showbiz honors". BBC News. 31 December 2002. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/showbiz/2615423.stm. Retrieved 6 March 2010.
External links
- Ridley Scott at the Internet Movie Database
- Ridley Scott at Allmovie
- Ridley Scott at Rotten Tomatoes Celebrity Profile
- Scott Free Productions at the Internet Movie Database
- Ridley Scott Associates (RSA)
- They Shoot Pictures, Don't They?
- Video interview with STV's Grant Lauchlan, discussing Kingdom of Heaven and Blade Runner
- Times Interview with Ridley Scott 5 October 2006
- Total Film: Interview with Ridley Scott, 15 July 2007
- RSA Films (Ridley and Tony Scott's advertising production company), 30 November 2007
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